Fix/pylint cleanup (#8)

* Fix pylint warnings across all 24 Python files in web_server

- Add module, class, and function docstrings (C0114, C0115, C0116)
- Fix import ordering: stdlib before third-party before local (C0411)
- Replace wildcard imports with explicit named imports (W0401)
- Remove trailing whitespace and add missing final newlines (C0303, C0304)
- Replace dict() with dict literals (R1735)
- Remove unused imports and variables (W0611, W0612)
- Narrow broad Exception catches to specific exceptions (W0718)
- Replace f-string logging with lazy % formatting (W1203)
- Fix variable naming: UPPER_CASE for constants, snake_case for locals (C0103)
- Add pylint disable comments for necessary global statements (W0603)
- Fix no-else-return, simplifiable-if-expression, singleton-comparison
- Fix bad indentation in stripe.py (W0311)
- Add encoding="utf-8" to open() calls (W1514)
- Add check=True to subprocess.run() calls (W1510)
- Register Celery task modules via conf.include

* Update `package-lock.json` add peer dependencies

frontend/package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "frontend",
-  "version": "0.5.0",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "frontend",
-      "version": "0.5.0",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "@stripe/react-stripe-js": "^3.1.1",
         "@stripe/stripe-js": "^5.5.0",
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-i1SLeK+DzNnQ3LL/CswPCa/E5u4lh1k6IAEphON8F+cXt0t9euTshDru0q7/IqMa1PMPz5RnHuHscF8/ZJsStg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@ampproject/remapping": "^2.2.0",
         "@babel/code-frame": "^7.26.0",
@@ -1393,6 +1394,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@stripe/stripe-js/-/stripe-js-5.5.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-lkfjyAd34aeMpTKKcEVfy8IUyEsjuAT3t9EXr5yZDtdIUncnZpedl/xLV16Dkd4z+fQwixScsCCDxSMNtBOgpQ==",
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.16"
       }
@@ -1482,6 +1484,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-t4yC+vtgnkYjNSKlFx1jkAhH8LgTo2N/7Qvi83kdEaUtMDiwpbLAktKDaAMlRcJ5eSxZkH74eEGt1ky31d7kfQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/prop-types": "*",
         "csstype": "^3.0.2"
@@ -1539,6 +1542,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-gKXG7A5HMyjDIedBi6bUrDcun8GIjnI8qOwVLiY3rx6T/sHP/19XLJOnIq/FgQvWLHja5JN/LSE7eklNBr612g==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager": "8.20.0",
         "@typescript-eslint/types": "8.20.0",
@@ -1805,6 +1809,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-cl669nCJTZBsL97OF4kUQm5g5hC2uihk0NxY3WENAC0TYdILVkAyHymAntgxGkl7K+t0cXIrH5siy5S4XkFycA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -2018,6 +2023,7 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001688",
         "electron-to-chromium": "^1.5.73",
@@ -2051,9 +2057,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/caniuse-lite": {
-      "version": "1.0.30001695",
+      "version": "1.0.30001769",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30001695.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30001769.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-vHyLade6wTgI2u1ec3WQBxv+2BrTERV28UXQu9LO6lZ9pYeMk34vjXFLOxo1A4UBA8XTL4njRQZdno/yYaSmWw==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BCfFL1sHijQlBGWBMuJyhZUhzo7wer5sVj9hqekB/7xn0Ypy+pER/edCYQm4exbXj4WiySGp40P8UuTh6w1srg==",
       "dev": true,
       "funding": [
         {
@@ -2386,6 +2392,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-+waTfRWQlSbpt3KWE+CjrPPYnbq9kfZIYUqapc0uBXyjTp8aYXZDsUH16m39Ryq3NjAVP4tjuF7KaukeqoCoaA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@eslint-community/eslint-utils": "^4.2.0",
         "@eslint-community/regexpp": "^4.12.1",
@@ -3534,6 +3541,7 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "nanoid": "^3.3.8",
         "picocolors": "^1.1.1",
@@ -3723,6 +3731,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/react/-/react-18.3.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-wS+hAgJShR0KhEvPJArfuPVN1+Hz1t0Y6n5jLrGQbkb4urgPE/0Rve+1kMB1v/oWgHgm4WIcV+i7F2pTVj+2iQ==",
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "loose-envify": "^1.1.0"
       },
@@ -3741,6 +3750,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/react-dom/-/react-dom-18.3.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-5m4nQKp+rZRb09LNH59GM4BxTh9251/ylbKIbpe7TpGxfJ+9kv6BLkLBXIjjspbgbnIBNqlI23tRnTWT0snUIw==",
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "loose-envify": "^1.1.0",
         "scheduler": "^0.23.2"
@@ -4233,6 +4243,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tailwindcss/-/tailwindcss-3.4.17.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-w33E2aCvSDP0tW9RZuNXadXlkHXqFzSkQew/aIa2i/Sj8fThxwovwlXHSPXTbAHwEIhBFXAedUhP2tueAKP8Og==",
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@alloc/quick-lru": "^5.2.0",
         "arg": "^5.0.2",
@@ -4351,6 +4362,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-hjcS1mhfuyi4WW8IWtjP7brDrG2cuDZukyrYrSauoXGNgx0S7zceP07adYkJycEr56BOUTNPzbInooiN3fn1qw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "tsc": "bin/tsc",
         "tsserver": "bin/tsserver"
@@ -4443,6 +4455,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/video.js/-/video.js-8.21.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-zcwerRb257QAuWfi8NH9yEX7vrGKFthjfcONmOQ4lxFRpDAbAi+u5LAjCjMWqhJda6zEmxkgdDpOMW3Y21QpXA==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@babel/runtime": "^7.12.5",
         "@videojs/http-streaming": "^3.16.2",
@@ -4495,6 +4508,7 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-4VL9mQPKoHy4+FE0NnRE/kbY51TOfaknxAjt3fJbGJxhIpBZiqVzlZDEesWWsuREXHwNdAoOFZ9MkPEVXczHwg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
         "postcss": "^8.4.49",

web_server/blueprints/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+"""Flask application factory and blueprint registration."""
+
+from os import getenv
+
 from flask import Flask
 from flask_session import Session
 from flask_cors import CORS
@@ -13,10 +17,8 @@ from blueprints.oauth import oauth_bp, init_oauth
 from blueprints.socket import socketio
 from blueprints.search_bar import search_bp
 
-from celery import Celery
 from celery_tasks import celery_init_app
 
-from os import getenv
 
 def create_app():
     """
@@ -34,16 +36,15 @@ def create_app():
     app.config['GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET'] = getenv("GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET")
     app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY"] = True
 
-
     app.config.from_mapping(
-    CELERY=dict(
+        CELERY={
-        broker_url="redis://redis:6379/0",
+            "broker_url": "redis://redis:6379/0",
-        result_backend="redis://redis:6379/0",
+            "result_backend": "redis://redis:6379/0",
-        task_ignore_result=True,
+            "task_ignore_result": True,
-        ),
+        },
     )
     app.config.from_prefixed_env()
-    celery = celery_init_app(app)
+    celery_init_app(app)
 
     #! ↓↓↓ For development purposes only - Allow cross-origin requests for the frontend
     CORS(app, supports_credentials=True)

web_server/blueprints/admin.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+"""Admin blueprint for user management operations."""
+
 from flask import Blueprint, session
 from utils.utils import sanitize
-from utils.admin_utils import *
+from utils.admin_utils import check_if_admin, check_if_user_exists, ban_user
 
 admin_bp = Blueprint("admin", __name__)
 

web_server/blueprints/authentication.py

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+"""Authentication blueprint for user signup, login, and logout."""
+
+import logging
+from secrets import token_hex
+
 from flask import Blueprint, session, request, jsonify
 from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
 from flask_cors import cross_origin
@@ -5,18 +10,21 @@ from database.database import Database
 from blueprints.middleware import login_required
 from utils.user_utils import get_user_id
 from utils.utils import sanitize
-from secrets import token_hex
 from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 
 auth_bp = Blueprint("auth", __name__)
 
 path_manager = PathManager()
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
 @auth_bp.route("/signup", methods=["POST"])
 @cross_origin(supports_credentials=True)
 def signup():
     """
-    Route that allows a user to sign up by providing a `username`, `email` and `password`.
+    Route that allows a user to sign up by providing a
+    `username`, `email` and `password`.
     """
     # ensure a JSON request is made to contact this route
     if not request.is_json:
@@ -30,7 +38,9 @@ def signup():
 
     # Validation - ensure all fields exist, users cannot have an empty field
     if not all([username, email, password]):
-        error_fields = get_error_fields([username, email, password]) #!←← find the error_fields, to highlight them in red to the user on the frontend
+        error_fields = get_error_fields(
+            [username, email, password]
+        )
         return jsonify({
             "account_created": False,
             "error_fields": error_fields,
@@ -42,7 +52,7 @@ def signup():
         username = sanitize(username, "username")
         email = sanitize(email, "email")
         password = sanitize(password, "password")
-    except ValueError as e:
+    except ValueError:
         error_fields = get_error_fields([username, email, password])
         return jsonify({
             "account_created": False,
@@ -100,11 +110,11 @@ def signup():
             "message": "Account created successfully"
         }), 201
 
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as exc:
-        print(f"Error during signup: {e}")  # Log the error
+        logger.error("Error during signup: %s", exc)
         return jsonify({
             "account_created": False,
-            "message": "Server error occurred: " + str(e)
+            "message": "Server error occurred: " + str(exc)
         }), 500
 
     finally:
@@ -138,7 +148,7 @@ def login():
     try:
         username = sanitize(username, "username")
         password = sanitize(password, "password")
-    except ValueError as e:
+    except ValueError:
         return jsonify({
             "account_created": False,
             "error_fields": ["username", "password"],
@@ -177,7 +187,10 @@ def login():
         session.clear()
         session["username"] = username
         session["user_id"] = get_user_id(username)
-        print(f"Logged in as {username}. session: {session.get('username')}. user_id: {session.get('user_id')}", flush=True)
+        logger.info(
+            "Logged in as %s. session: %s. user_id: %s",
+            username, session.get('username'), session.get('user_id')
+        )
 
         # User has been logged in, let frontend know that
         return jsonify({
@@ -186,8 +199,8 @@ def login():
             "username": username
         }), 200
 
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as exc:
-        print(f"Error during login: {e}")  # Log the error
+        logger.error("Error during login: %s", exc)
         return jsonify({
             "logged_in": False,
             "message": "Server error occurred"
@@ -206,7 +219,6 @@ def logout() -> dict:
     If the user is currently streaming, end their stream first.
     Can only be accessed by a logged in user.
     """
-    from database.database import Database
     from utils.stream_utils import end_user_stream
 
     # Check if user is currently streaming
@@ -214,12 +226,21 @@ def logout() -> dict:
     username = session.get("username")
 
     with Database() as db:
-        is_streaming = db.fetchone("""SELECT is_live FROM users WHERE user_id = ?""", (user_id,))
+        is_streaming = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT is_live FROM users WHERE user_id = ?""",
+            (user_id,)
+        )
 
         if is_streaming and is_streaming.get("is_live") == 1:
             # Get the user's stream key
-            stream_key_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT stream_key FROM users WHERE user_id = ?""", (user_id,))
+            stream_key_info = db.fetchone(
-            stream_key = stream_key_info.get("stream_key") if stream_key_info else None
+                """SELECT stream_key FROM users WHERE user_id = ?""",
+                (user_id,)
+            )
+            stream_key = (
+                stream_key_info.get("stream_key") if stream_key_info
+                else None
+            )
 
             if stream_key:
                 # End the stream
@@ -227,6 +248,8 @@ def logout() -> dict:
     session.clear()
     return {"logged_in": False}
 
+
 def get_error_fields(values: list):
+    """Return field names for empty values."""
     fields = ["username", "email", "password"]
     return [fields[i] for i, v in enumerate(values) if not v]

web_server/blueprints/chat.py

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
+"""Chat blueprint for WebSocket-based real-time messaging."""
+
+import json
+from datetime import datetime
+
 from flask import Blueprint, jsonify
 from database.database import Database
 from .socket import socketio
 from flask_socketio import emit, join_room, leave_room
-from datetime import datetime
+from utils.user_utils import is_subscribed
-from utils.user_utils import get_user_id, is_subscribed
 import redis
-import json
 
-redis_url = "redis://redis:6379/1"
+REDIS_URL = "redis://redis:6379/1"
-r = redis.from_url(redis_url, decode_responses=True)
+r = redis.from_url(REDIS_URL, decode_responses=True)
 chat_bp = Blueprint("chat", __name__)
 
 @socketio.on("connect")
@@ -125,7 +128,13 @@ def send_chat(data) -> None:
 
     # Input validation - chatter is logged in, message is not empty, stream exists
     if not all([chatter_name, message, stream_id]):
-        emit("error", {"error": f"Unable to send a chat. The following info was given: chatter_name={chatter_name}, message={message}, stream_id={stream_id}"}, broadcast=False)
+        emit("error", {
+            "error": (
+                f"Unable to send a chat. The following info was given: "
+                f"chatter_name={chatter_name}, message={message}, "
+                f"stream_id={stream_id}"
+            )
+        }, broadcast=False)
         return
     subscribed = is_subscribed(chatter_id, stream_id)
     # Send the chat message to the client so it can be displayed
@@ -161,9 +170,8 @@ def update_viewers(user_id, num_viewers):
                 SET num_viewers = ?
                 WHERE user_id = ?;
                 """, (num_viewers, user_id))
-    db.close_connection
+    db.close_connection()
 
-#TODO: Make sure that users entry within Redis is removed if they disconnect from socket
 def add_favourability_entry(user_id, stream_id):
     """
     Adds entry to Redis that user is watching a streamer

web_server/blueprints/middleware.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-from flask import redirect, g, session
+"""Authentication middleware and error handler registration."""
-from functools import wraps
+
 import logging
+from functools import wraps
 from os import getenv
+
+from flask import redirect, g, session
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 from database.database import Database
 
@@ -57,5 +60,5 @@ def register_error_handlers(app):
     for code, message in error_responses.items():
         @app.errorhandler(code)
         def handle_error(error, message=message, code=code):
-            logging.error(f"Error {code}: {str(error)}")
+            logging.error("Error %d: %s", code, str(error))
             return {"error": message}, code

web_server/blueprints/oauth.py

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
+"""OAuth blueprint for Google authentication."""
+
 from os import getenv
+from secrets import token_hex, token_urlsafe
+from random import randint
+
 from authlib.integrations.flask_client import OAuth, OAuthError
 from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, session, redirect, request
 from blueprints.user import get_session_info_email
 from database.database import Database
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
-from secrets import token_hex, token_urlsafe
-from random import randint
 from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 
 oauth_bp = Blueprint("oauth", __name__)
-google = None
+_google = None
 
 load_dotenv()
 url_api = getenv("VITE_API_URL")
@@ -23,8 +26,8 @@ def init_oauth(app):
     Initialise the OAuth functionality.
     """
     oauth = OAuth(app)
-    global google
+    global _google  # pylint: disable=global-statement
-    google = oauth.register(
+    _google = oauth.register(
         'google',
         client_id=app.config['GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID'],
         client_secret=app.config['GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET'],
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ def login_google():
     # Make sure session is saved before redirect
     session.modified = True
 
-    return google.authorize_redirect(
+    return _google.authorize_redirect(
         redirect_uri=f'{url}/api/google_auth',
         nonce=session['nonce'],
         state=session['state']
@@ -72,21 +75,25 @@ def google_auth():
         stored_state = session.get('state')
 
         if not stored_state or stored_state != returned_state:
-            print(f"State mismatch: stored={stored_state}, returned={returned_state}", flush=True)
+            print(
+                f"State mismatch: stored={stored_state}, "
+                f"returned={returned_state}", flush=True
+            )
             return jsonify({
-                'error': f"mismatching_state: CSRF Warning! State not equal in request and response.",
+                'error': "mismatching_state: CSRF Warning! "
+                         "State not equal in request and response.",
                 'message': 'Authentication failed'
             }), 400
 
         # State matched, proceed with token authorization
-        token = google.authorize_access_token()
+        token = _google.authorize_access_token()
 
         # Verify nonce
         nonce = session.get('nonce')
         if not nonce:
             return jsonify({'error': 'Missing nonce in session'}), 400
 
-        user = google.parse_id_token(token, nonce=nonce)
+        user = _google.parse_id_token(token, nonce=nonce)
 
         # Check if email exists to login else create a database entry
         user_email = user.get("email")
@@ -133,7 +140,10 @@ def google_auth():
         # Ensure session is saved
         session.modified = True
 
-        print(f"session: {session.get('username')}. user_id: {session.get('user_id')}", flush=True)
+        print(
+            f"session: {session.get('username')}. "
+            f"user_id: {session.get('user_id')}", flush=True
+        )
 
         return redirect(origin)
 
@@ -144,7 +154,7 @@ def google_auth():
             'error': str(e)
         }), 400
 
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as e:
         print(f"Unexpected Error: {str(e)}", flush=True)
         return jsonify({
             'message': 'An unexpected error occurred',

web_server/blueprints/search_bar.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"""Search bar blueprint for querying categories, users, streams, and VODs."""
+
 from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, request
 from database.database import Database
 from utils.utils import sanitize
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ def rank_results(query, result):
     # Assign a score based on the level of the match
     if query in result:
         return 0
-    elif all(c in charset for c in query):
+    if all(c in charset for c in query):
         return 1
     return 2
 

web_server/blueprints/socket.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"""WebSocket configuration using Flask-SocketIO."""
+
 from flask_socketio import SocketIO
 
 socketio = SocketIO(

web_server/blueprints/streams.py

@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
+"""Stream and VOD management blueprint."""
+
+import json
+from datetime import datetime
+
 from flask import Blueprint, session, jsonify, request, redirect
-from utils.stream_utils import *
+from utils.stream_utils import (
-from utils.recommendation_utils import *
+    get_category_id, get_current_stream_data, get_streamer_live_status,
+    get_latest_vod, get_vod, get_user_vods, end_user_stream
+)
+from utils.recommendation_utils import (
+    get_user_preferred_category, get_highest_view_streams,
+    get_streams_based_on_category, get_highest_view_categories,
+    get_user_category_recommendations, get_followed_categories_recommendations
+)
 from utils.user_utils import get_user_id
 from blueprints.middleware import login_required
 from database.database import Database
-from datetime import datetime
+from celery_tasks.streaming import update_thumbnail
-from celery_tasks.streaming import update_thumbnail, combine_ts_stream
-from dateutil import parser
 from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 from PIL import Image
-import json
 
 stream_bp = Blueprint("stream", __name__)
 
@@ -28,12 +37,12 @@ def popular_streams(no_streams) -> list[dict]:
     Returns a list of streams live now with the highest viewers
     """
 
-    # Limit the number of streams to MAX_STREAMS
+    # Limit the number of streams to max_streams
-    MAX_STREAMS = 100
+    max_streams = 100
     if no_streams < 1:
         return jsonify([])
-    elif no_streams > MAX_STREAMS:
+    if no_streams > max_streams:
-        no_streams = MAX_STREAMS
+        no_streams = max_streams
 
     # Get the highest viewed streams
     streams = get_highest_view_streams(no_streams)
@@ -101,7 +110,7 @@ def popular_categories(no_categories=4, offset=0) -> list[dict]:
     # Limit the number of categories to 100
     if no_categories < 1:
         return jsonify([])
-    elif no_categories > 100:
+    if no_categories > 100:
         no_categories = 100
 
     category_data = get_highest_view_categories(no_categories, offset)
@@ -135,7 +144,8 @@ def following_categories_streams():
 @stream_bp.route('/user/<string:username>/status')
 def user_live_status(username):
     """
-    Returns a streamer's status, if they are live or not and their most recent stream (as a vod) (their current stream if live)
+    Returns a streamer's status, if they are live or not and their
+    most recent stream (as a vod) (their current stream if live)
     Returns:
     {
         "is_live": bool,
@@ -146,7 +156,7 @@ def user_live_status(username):
     user_id = get_user_id(username)
 
     # Check if streamer is live and get their most recent vod
-    is_live = True if get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live'] else False
+    is_live = bool(get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live'])
     most_recent_vod = get_latest_vod(user_id)
 
     # If there is no most recent vod, set it to None
@@ -171,25 +181,24 @@ def user_live_status_direct(username):
     """
 
     user_id = get_user_id(username)
-    is_live = True if get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live'] else False
+    is_live = bool(get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live'])
 
     if is_live:
         return 'ok', 200
-    else:
     return 'not live', 404
 
 
 # VOD Routes
 @stream_bp.route('/vods/<int:vod_id>')
-def vod(vod_id):
+def single_vod(vod_id):
     """
     Returns details about a specific vod
     """
-    vod = get_vod(vod_id)
+    vod_data = get_vod(vod_id)
-    return jsonify(vod)
+    return jsonify(vod_data)
 
 @stream_bp.route('/vods/<string:username>')
-def vods(username):
+def user_vods(username):
     """
     Returns a JSON of all the vods of a streamer
     Returns:
@@ -207,8 +216,8 @@ def vods(username):
 
     """
     user_id = get_user_id(username)
-    vods = get_user_vods(user_id)
+    vod_list = get_user_vods(user_id)
-    return jsonify(vods)
+    return jsonify(vod_list)
 
 @stream_bp.route('/vods/all')
 def get_all_vods():
@@ -216,9 +225,14 @@ def get_all_vods():
     Returns data of all VODs by all streamers in a JSON-compatible format
     """
     with Database() as db:
-        vods = db.fetchall("""SELECT vods.*, username, category_name FROM vods JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id JOIN categories ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id;""")
+        all_vods = db.fetchall(
+            """SELECT vods.*, username, category_name
+               FROM vods
+               JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id
+               JOIN categories ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id;"""
+        )
 
-    return jsonify(vods)
+    return jsonify(all_vods)
 
 # RTMP Server Routes
 
@@ -232,7 +246,8 @@ def init_stream():
 
     with Database() as db:
         # Check if valid stream key and user is allowed to stream
-        user_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT user_id, username, is_live 
+        user_info = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT user_id, username, is_live
                FROM users
                WHERE stream_key = ?""", (stream_key,))
 
@@ -280,24 +295,26 @@ def publish_stream():
     username = None
 
     with Database() as db:
-        user_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT user_id, username, is_live
+        user_info = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT user_id, username, is_live
                FROM users
                WHERE stream_key = ?""", (stream_key,))
 
         if not user_info or user_info.get("is_live"):
             print(
-                "Unauthorized. No user found from Stream key or user is already streaming.", flush=True)
+                "Unauthorized. No user found from Stream key "
+                "or user is already streaming.", flush=True)
             return "Unauthorized", 403
 
         user_id = user_info.get("user_id")
         username = user_info.get("username")
 
         # Insert stream into database
-        db.execute("""INSERT INTO streams (user_id, title, start_time, num_viewers, category_id)
+        db.execute(
-                    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""", (user_id,
+            """INSERT INTO streams
-                                                stream_title,
+               (user_id, title, start_time, num_viewers, category_id)
-                                                datetime.now(),
+               VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
-                                                0,
+            (user_id, stream_title, datetime.now(), 0,
              get_category_id(stream_category)))
 
         # Set user as streaming
@@ -306,10 +323,12 @@ def publish_stream():
 
     # Update thumbnail periodically only if a custom thumbnail is not provided
     if not stream_thumbnail:
-        update_thumbnail.apply_async((user_id,
+        update_thumbnail.apply_async(
+            (user_id,
              path_manager.get_stream_file_path(username),
              path_manager.get_current_stream_thumbnail_file_path(username),
-                           THUMBNAIL_GENERATION_INTERVAL), countdown=10)
+             THUMBNAIL_GENERATION_INTERVAL),
+            countdown=10)
 
     return "OK", 200
 
@@ -332,28 +351,33 @@ def update_stream():
 
 
     with Database() as db:
-        user_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT user_id, username, is_live 
+        user_info = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT user_id, username, is_live
                FROM users
                WHERE stream_key = ?""", (stream_key,))
 
         if not user_info or not user_info.get("is_live"):
             print(
-                "Unauthorized - No user found from stream key or user is not streaming", flush=True)
+                "Unauthorized - No user found from stream key "
+                "or user is not streaming", flush=True)
             return "Unauthorized", 403
 
         user_id = user_info.get("user_id")
         username = user_info.get("username")
 
         # TODO: Add update to thumbnail here
-        db.execute("""UPDATE streams 
+        db.execute(
+            """UPDATE streams
                SET title = ?, category_id = ?
-                   WHERE user_id = ?""", (stream_title, get_category_id(stream_category), user_id))
+               WHERE user_id = ?""",
+            (stream_title, get_category_id(stream_category), user_id))
 
         print("GOT: " + stream_thumbnail, flush=True)
 
         if stream_thumbnail:
             # Set custom thumbnail status to true
-            db.execute("""UPDATE streams
+            db.execute(
+                """UPDATE streams
                    SET custom_thumbnail = ?
                    WHERE user_id = ?""", (True, user_id))
 
@@ -390,7 +414,8 @@ def end_stream():
 
     # Get user info from stream key
     with Database() as db:
-        user_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT user_id, username
+        user_info = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT user_id, username
                FROM users
                WHERE stream_key = ?""", (stream_key,))
 

web_server/blueprints/stripe.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+"""Stripe payment integration blueprint."""
+
+import os
+
 from flask import Blueprint, request, jsonify, session as s
 from blueprints.middleware import login_required
 from utils.user_utils import subscribe
-import os, stripe
+import stripe
 
 stripe_bp = Blueprint("stripe", __name__)
 
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@ def create_checkout_session():
         # Checks to see who is subscribing to who
         user_id = s.get("user_id")
         streamer_id = request.args.get("streamer_id")
-        session = stripe.checkout.Session.create(
+        checkout_session = stripe.checkout.Session.create(
             ui_mode = 'embedded',
             payment_method_types=['card'],
             line_items=[
@@ -33,19 +37,24 @@ def create_checkout_session():
             redirect_on_completion = 'never',
             client_reference_id = f"{user_id}-{streamer_id}"
         )
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as e:
         return str(e), 500
 
-    return jsonify(clientSecret=session.client_secret)
+    return jsonify(clientSecret=checkout_session.client_secret)
 
 @stripe_bp.route('/session-status')  # check for payment status
 def session_status():
     """
     Used to query payment status
     """
-  session = stripe.checkout.Session.retrieve(request.args.get('session_id'))
+    checkout_session = stripe.checkout.Session.retrieve(
+        request.args.get('session_id')
+    )
 
-  return jsonify(status=session.status, customer_email=session.customer_details.email)
+    return jsonify(
+        status=checkout_session.status,
+        customer_email=checkout_session.customer_details.email
+    )
 
 @stripe_bp.route('/stripe/webhook', methods=['POST'])
 def stripe_webhook():
@@ -66,12 +75,19 @@ def stripe_webhook():
     except stripe.error.SignatureVerificationError as e:
         raise e
 
-    if event['type'] == "checkout.session.completed": # Handles payment success webhook
+    # Handles payment success webhook
-        session = event['data']['object']
+    if event['type'] == "checkout.session.completed":
-        product_id = stripe.checkout.Session.list_line_items(session['id'])['data'][0]['price']['product']
+        checkout_session = event['data']['object']
+        product_id = stripe.checkout.Session.list_line_items(
+            checkout_session['id']
+        )['data'][0]['price']['product']
         if product_id == subscription:
-            client_reference_id = session.get("client_reference_id")
+            client_reference_id = checkout_session.get(
-            user_id, streamer_id = map(int, client_reference_id.split("-"))
+                "client_reference_id"
+            )
+            user_id, streamer_id = map(
+                int, client_reference_id.split("-")
+            )
             subscribe(user_id, streamer_id)
 
     return "Success", 200

web_server/blueprints/user.py

@@ -1,17 +1,28 @@
+"""User profile and account management blueprint."""
+
 from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, session, request
-from utils.user_utils import *
+from utils.user_utils import (
-from utils.auth import *
+    get_user_id, get_user, update_bio, is_subscribed,
+    subscription_expiration, delete_subscription, is_following,
+    follow, unfollow, get_followed_streamers, get_followed_categories,
+    is_following_category, follow_category, unfollow_category,
+    has_password, get_session_info_email
+)
+from database.database import Database
+from utils.auth import verify_token, reset_password
 from utils.utils import get_category_id
 from blueprints.middleware import login_required
-from utils.email import send_email, forgot_password_body, newsletter_conf, remove_from_newsletter, email_exists
+from utils.email import (
+    send_email, forgot_password_body, newsletter_conf,
+    remove_from_newsletter, email_exists
+)
 from utils.path_manager import PathManager
-from celery_tasks.streaming import convert_image_to_png
 import redis
 
 from PIL import Image
 
-redis_url = "redis://redis:6379/1"
+REDIS_URL = "redis://redis:6379/1"
-r = redis.from_url(redis_url, decode_responses=True)
+r = redis.from_url(REDIS_URL, decode_responses=True)
 
 user_bp = Blueprint("user", __name__)
 
@@ -24,7 +35,7 @@ def user_data(username: str):
     """
     user_id = get_user_id(username)
     if not user_id:
-        jsonify({"error": "User not found from username"}), 404
+        return jsonify({"error": "User not found from username"}), 404
     data = get_user(user_id)
     return jsonify(data)
 
@@ -73,7 +84,7 @@ def user_change_bio():
         bio = data.get("bio")
         update_bio(user_id, bio)
         return jsonify({"status": "Success"}), 200
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as e:
         return jsonify({"error": str(e)}), 400
 
 ## Subscription Routes
@@ -198,13 +209,14 @@ def user_forgot_password(email):
     exists = email_exists(email)
     password = has_password(email)
     # Checks if password exists and is not a Google OAuth account
-    if(exists and password):
+    if exists and password:
         send_email(email, lambda: forgot_password_body(email))
         return email
-    return jsonify({"error":"Invalid email or not found"}), 404
+    return jsonify({"error": "Invalid email or not found"}), 404
 
 @user_bp.route("/send_newsletter/<string:email>", methods=["POST"])
 def send_newsletter(email):
+    """Sends a newsletter confirmation email."""
     send_email(email, lambda: newsletter_conf(email))
     return email
 
@@ -226,6 +238,7 @@ def user_reset_password(token, new_password):
 
 @user_bp.route("/user/unsubscribe/<string:token>", methods=["POST"])
 def unsubscribe(token):
+    """Unsubscribes a user from the newsletter."""
     salt = r.get(token)
     if salt:
         r.delete(token)

web_server/celery_tasks/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-from celery import Celery, shared_task, Task
+"""Celery configuration and Flask app context setup for async tasks."""
+
+from celery import Celery, Task
+
 
 def celery_init_app(app) -> Celery:
+    """Initialize Celery with Flask application context."""
     class FlaskTask(Task):
+        """Celery task that runs within Flask app context."""
         def __call__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
             with app.app_context():
                 return self.run(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -14,6 +19,10 @@ def celery_init_app(app) -> Celery:
             'schedule': 30.0,
         },
     }
+    celery_app.conf.include = [
+        'celery_tasks.preferences',
+        'celery_tasks.streaming',
+    ]
     celery_app.set_default()
     app.extensions["celery"] = celery_app
     return celery_app

web_server/celery_tasks/celery_app.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"""Celery app initialization with Flask."""
+
 from blueprints import create_app
 
 flask_app = create_app()

web_server/celery_tasks/preferences.py

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
+"""Scheduled task for updating user preferences based on stream viewing."""
+
+import json
+
 from celery import shared_task
 from database.database import Database
 import redis
-import json
 
-redis_url = "redis://redis:6379/1"
+REDIS_URL = "redis://redis:6379/1"
-r = redis.from_url(redis_url, decode_responses=True)
+r = redis.from_url(REDIS_URL, decode_responses=True)
 
 @shared_task
 def user_preferences():
     """
-    Updates users preferences on different stream categories based on the streams they are currently watching
+    Updates users preferences on different stream categories
+    based on the streams they are currently watching
     """
     stats = r.hget("current_viewers", "viewers")
     # If there are any current viewers
@@ -21,13 +25,19 @@ def user_preferences():
                 # For each user and stream combination
                 for stream_id in stream_ids:
                     # Retrieves category associated with stream
-                    current_category = db.fetchone("""SELECT category_id FROM streams
+                    current_category = db.fetchone(
+                        """SELECT category_id FROM streams
                            WHERE user_id = ?
                         """, (stream_id,))
-                    # If stream is still live then update the user_preferences table to reflect their preferences
+                    # If stream is still live then update the
+                    # user_preferences table to reflect their preferences
                     if current_category:
-                        db.execute("""INSERT INTO user_preferences (user_id,category_id,favourability)
+                        db.execute(
+                            """INSERT INTO user_preferences
+                               (user_id,category_id,favourability)
                                VALUES (?,?,?)
                                ON CONFLICT(user_id, category_id)
-                                    DO UPDATE SET favourability = favourability + 1
+                               DO UPDATE SET
-                                   """, (user_id, current_category["category_id"], 1))
+                               favourability = favourability + 1
+                            """, (user_id,
+                                  current_category["category_id"], 1))

web_server/celery_tasks/streaming.py

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-from celery import Celery, shared_task, Task
+"""Async tasks for stream thumbnail updates, VOD creation, and image conversion."""
-from datetime import datetime
+
-from celery_tasks.preferences import user_preferences
-from utils.stream_utils import generate_thumbnail, get_streamer_live_status, get_custom_thumbnail_status, remove_hls_files, get_video_duration
-from time import sleep
-from os import listdir, remove
-from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 import subprocess
+from os import listdir
+
+from celery import shared_task
+from utils.stream_utils import (
+    generate_thumbnail, get_streamer_live_status,
+    get_custom_thumbnail_status, remove_hls_files, get_video_duration
+)
+from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 
 path_manager = PathManager()
 
@@ -16,10 +19,13 @@ def update_thumbnail(user_id, stream_file, thumbnail_file, sleep_time, second_ca
     """
 
     # Check if stream is still live and custom thumbnail has not been set
-    if get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live'] and not get_custom_thumbnail_status(user_id)['custom_thumbnail']:
+    if (get_streamer_live_status(user_id)['is_live']
+            and not get_custom_thumbnail_status(user_id)['custom_thumbnail']):
         print("Updating thumbnail...")
         generate_thumbnail(stream_file, thumbnail_file)
-        update_thumbnail.apply_async((user_id, stream_file, thumbnail_file, sleep_time, second_capture), countdown=sleep_time)
+        update_thumbnail.apply_async(
+            (user_id, stream_file, thumbnail_file, sleep_time, second_capture),
+            countdown=sleep_time)
     else:
         print(f"Stopping thumbnail updates for stream of {user_id}")
 
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ def combine_ts_stream(stream_path, vods_path, vod_file_name, thumbnail_file) ->
     ts_files.sort()
 
     # Create temp file listing all ts files
-    with open(f"{stream_path}/list.txt", "w") as f:
+    with open(f"{stream_path}/list.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         for ts_file in ts_files:
             f.write(f"file '{ts_file}'\n")
 
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ def combine_ts_stream(stream_path, vods_path, vod_file_name, thumbnail_file) ->
         vod_file_path
     ]
 
-    subprocess.run(vod_command)
+    subprocess.run(vod_command, check=True)
 
     # Remove HLS files, even if user is not streaming
     remove_hls_files(stream_path)
@@ -78,4 +84,4 @@ def convert_image_to_png(image_path, png_path):
         png_path
     ]
 
-    subprocess.run(image_command)
+    subprocess.run(image_command, check=True)

web_server/database/database.py

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+"""SQLite database connection management with context manager support."""
+
 import sqlite3
 import os
 
+
 class Database:
+    """Database wrapper providing connection management and query execution."""
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self._db = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "app.db")
         self._conn = None
@@ -63,4 +68,6 @@ class Database:
         if not result:
             return []
         columns = [desc[0] for desc in self.cursor.description]
-        return [dict(zip(columns, row)) for row in result] if isinstance(result, list) else dict(zip(columns, result))
+        if isinstance(result, list):
+            return [dict(zip(columns, row)) for row in result]
+        return dict(zip(columns, result))

web_server/utils/admin_utils.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"""Admin utility functions for user management."""
+
 from database.database import Database
 
 def check_if_admin(username):
@@ -34,5 +36,4 @@ def ban_user(banned_user):
         db.execute("""
                     DELETE FROM users
                     WHERE username = ?;""",
-                    (banned_user)
+                    (banned_user,))
-                )

web_server/utils/auth.py

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+"""Token generation and verification for password resets."""
+
+from typing import Optional
+from os import getenv
+
 from database.database import Database
 from itsdangerous import URLSafeTimedSerializer, BadSignature, SignatureExpired
-from typing import Optional
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
-from os import getenv
 from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash
 
 load_dotenv()
 
 serializer = URLSafeTimedSerializer(getenv("AUTH_SECRET_KEY"))
+
 def generate_token(email, salt_value) -> str:
     """
     Creates a token for password reset
@@ -19,7 +23,6 @@ def verify_token(token: str, salt_value) -> Optional[str]:
     """
     Given a token, verifies and decodes it into an email
     """
-    
     try:
         email = serializer.loads(token, salt=salt_value, max_age=3600)
         return email

web_server/utils/email.py

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
+"""Email sending utilities for password reset, account confirmation, and newsletters."""
+
 import smtplib
 from email.mime.text import MIMEText
-
 from os import getenv
+from secrets import token_hex
+
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 from utils.auth import generate_token
-from secrets import token_hex
 from .user_utils import get_session_info_email
 import redis
 from database.database import Database
 
-redis_url = "redis://redis:6379/1"
+REDIS_URL = "redis://redis:6379/1"
-r = redis.from_url(redis_url, decode_responses=True)
+r = redis.from_url(REDIS_URL, decode_responses=True)
 
 load_dotenv()
 
@@ -23,31 +25,31 @@ def send_email(email, func) -> None:
     """
 
     # Setup the sender email details
-    SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
+    smtp_server = "smtp.gmail.com"
-    SMTP_PORT = 587
+    smtp_port = 587
-    SMTP_EMAIL = getenv("EMAIL")
+    smtp_email = getenv("EMAIL")
-    SMTP_PASSWORD = getenv("EMAIL_PASSWORD")
+    smtp_password = getenv("EMAIL_PASSWORD")
 
     # Setup up the receiver details
     body, subject = func()
 
     msg = MIMEText(body, "html")
     msg["Subject"] = subject
-    msg["From"] = SMTP_EMAIL
+    msg["From"] = smtp_email
     msg["To"] = email
 
     # Send the email using smtplib
-    with smtplib.SMTP(SMTP_SERVER, SMTP_PORT) as smtp:
+    with smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, smtp_port) as smtp:
         try:
             smtp.starttls()     # TLS handshake to start the connection
-            smtp.login(SMTP_EMAIL, SMTP_PASSWORD)
+            smtp.login(smtp_email, smtp_password)
             smtp.ehlo()
             smtp.send_message(msg)
 
         except TimeoutError:
             print("Server timed out", flush=True)
 
-        except Exception as e:
+        except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
             print("Error: ", e, flush=True)
 
 def forgot_password_body(email) -> str:

web_server/utils/path_manager.py

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-"""Description: This file contains the PathManager class which is responsible for managing the paths of the stream data."""
+"""File system path management for user streams, VODs, and profile pictures."""
 
 import os
 
+
 class PathManager():
+    """Manages paths for user stream data, VODs, and profile pictures."""
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.root_path = "user_data"
         self.vod_directory_name = "vods"
@@ -39,25 +42,33 @@ class PathManager():
             os.rmdir(user_path)
 
     def get_user_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the base path for a user's data directory."""
         return os.path.join(self.root_path, username)
 
     def get_vods_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the path to a user's VODs directory."""
         return os.path.join(self.root_path, username, self.vod_directory_name)
 
     def get_stream_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the path to a user's stream directory."""
         return os.path.join(self.root_path, username, self.stream_directory_name)
 
     def get_stream_file_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the path to a user's stream index file."""
         return os.path.join(self.get_stream_path(username), "index.m3u8")
 
     def get_current_stream_thumbnail_file_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the path to a user's current stream thumbnail."""
         return os.path.join(self.get_stream_path(username), "index.png")
 
     def get_vod_file_path(self, username, vod_id):
+        """Returns the path to a specific VOD file."""
         return os.path.join(self.get_vods_path(username), f"{vod_id}.mp4")
 
     def get_vod_thumbnail_file_path(self, username, vod_id):
+        """Returns the path to a specific VOD thumbnail."""
         return os.path.join(self.get_vods_path(username), f"{vod_id}.png")
 
     def get_profile_picture_file_path(self, username):
+        """Returns the path to a user's profile picture."""
         return os.path.join(self.root_path, username, self.profile_picture_name)

web_server/utils/recommendation_utils.py

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-from database.database import Database
+"""Personalized stream and category recommendations based on user preferences."""
+
 from typing import Optional, List
 
+from database.database import Database
+
 def get_user_preferred_category(user_id: int) -> Optional[int]:
     """
-    Queries user_preferences database to find users favourite streaming category and returns the category
+    Queries user_preferences database to find users favourite
+    streaming category and returns the category
     """
     with Database() as db:
         category = db.fetchone("""
@@ -16,17 +20,23 @@ def get_user_preferred_category(user_id: int) -> Optional[int]:
     return category["category_id"] if category else None
 
 
-def get_followed_categories_recommendations(user_id: int, no_streams: int = 4) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
+def get_followed_categories_recommendations(
+    user_id: int, no_streams: int = 4
+) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
     Returns top streams given a user's category following
     """
     with Database() as db:
         streams = db.fetchall("""
-            SELECT u.user_id, title, u.username, num_viewers, category_name 
+            SELECT u.user_id, title, u.username, num_viewers,
+                   category_name
             FROM streams
             JOIN users u ON streams.user_id = u.user_id
-            JOIN categories ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
+            JOIN categories
-            WHERE categories.category_id IN (SELECT category_id FROM followed_categories WHERE user_id = ?)
+                ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
+            WHERE categories.category_id IN
+                (SELECT category_id
+                 FROM followed_categories WHERE user_id = ?)
             ORDER BY num_viewers DESC
             LIMIT ?;
         """, (user_id, no_streams))
@@ -47,13 +57,17 @@ def get_followed_your_categories(user_id: int) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     return categories
 
 
-def get_streams_based_on_category(category_id: int, no_streams: int = 4, offset: int = 0) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
+def get_streams_based_on_category(
+    category_id: int, no_streams: int = 4, offset: int = 0
+) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
-    Queries stream database to get top most viewed streams based on given category
+    Queries stream database to get top most viewed streams
+    based on given category
     """
     with Database() as db:
         streams = db.fetchall("""
-            SELECT u.user_id, title, username, num_viewers, c.category_name
+            SELECT u.user_id, title, username, num_viewers,
+                   c.category_name
             FROM streams s
             JOIN users u ON s.user_id = u.user_id
             JOIN categories c ON s.category_id = c.category_id
@@ -70,42 +84,62 @@ def get_highest_view_streams(no_streams: int = 4) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
     with Database() as db:
         data = db.fetchall("""
-            SELECT u.user_id, username, title, num_viewers, category_name
+            SELECT u.user_id, username, title, num_viewers,
+                   category_name
             FROM streams
             JOIN users u ON streams.user_id = u.user_id
-            JOIN categories ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
+            JOIN categories
+                ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
             ORDER BY num_viewers DESC
             LIMIT ?;
         """, (no_streams,))
         return data
 
-def get_highest_view_categories(no_categories: int = 4, offset: int = 0) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
+def get_highest_view_categories(
+    no_categories: int = 4, offset: int = 0
+) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
     Returns a list of top most popular categories given offset
     """
     with Database() as db:
         categories = db.fetchall("""
-            SELECT categories.category_id, categories.category_name, COALESCE(SUM(streams.num_viewers), 0) AS num_viewers
+            SELECT categories.category_id,
+                   categories.category_name,
+                   COALESCE(SUM(streams.num_viewers), 0)
+                       AS num_viewers
             FROM categories
-            LEFT JOIN streams ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
+            LEFT JOIN streams
-            GROUP BY categories.category_id, categories.category_name
+                ON streams.category_id = categories.category_id
+            GROUP BY categories.category_id,
+                     categories.category_name
             ORDER BY num_viewers DESC
             LIMIT ? OFFSET ?;
         """, (no_categories, offset))
     return categories
 
-def get_user_category_recommendations(user_id = 1, no_categories: int = 4) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
+def get_user_category_recommendations(
+    user_id=1, no_categories: int = 4
+) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
-    Queries user_preferences database to find users top favourite streaming category and returns the category
+    Queries user_preferences database to find users top favourite
+    streaming category and returns the category
     """
     with Database() as db:
         categories = db.fetchall("""
-            SELECT categories.category_id, categories.category_name, COALESCE(SUM(streams.num_viewers), 0) AS num_viewers
+            SELECT categories.category_id,
+                   categories.category_name,
+                   COALESCE(SUM(streams.num_viewers), 0)
+                       AS num_viewers
             FROM categories
-            JOIN user_preferences ON categories.category_id = user_preferences.category_id
+            JOIN user_preferences
-            LEFT JOIN streams ON categories.category_id = streams.category_id
+                ON categories.category_id
+                   = user_preferences.category_id
+            LEFT JOIN streams
+                ON categories.category_id
+                   = streams.category_id
             WHERE user_preferences.user_id = ?
-            GROUP BY categories.category_id, categories.category_name
+            GROUP BY categories.category_id,
+                     categories.category_name
             ORDER BY user_preferences.favourability DESC
             LIMIT ?
         """, (user_id, no_categories))

web_server/utils/stream_utils.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from database.database import Database
+"""Stream data retrieval and management utilities."""
-from typing import Optional
+
-import os, subprocess
+import os
+import subprocess
 from typing import Optional, List
-from time import sleep
+
-from utils.path_manager import PathManager
+from database.database import Database
+
 
 def get_streamer_live_status(user_id: int):
     """
@@ -21,11 +23,13 @@ def get_streamer_live_status(user_id: int):
 def get_followed_live_streams(user_id: int) -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
     Searches for streamers who the user followed which are currently live
-    Returns a list of live streams with the streamer's user id, stream title, and number of viewers
+    Returns a list of live streams with the streamer's user id,
+    stream title, and number of viewers
     """
     with Database() as db:
         live_streams = db.fetchall("""
-                                    SELECT users.user_id, streams.title, streams.num_viewers, users.username
+            SELECT users.user_id, streams.title,
+                   streams.num_viewers, users.username
             FROM streams JOIN users
             ON streams.user_id = users.user_id
             WHERE users.user_id IN
@@ -40,7 +44,8 @@ def get_current_stream_data(user_id: int) -> Optional[dict]:
     """
     with Database() as db:
         most_recent_stream = db.fetchone("""
-            SELECT s.user_id, u.username, s.title, s.start_time, s.num_viewers, c.category_name, c.category_id
+            SELECT s.user_id, u.username, s.title, s.start_time,
+                   s.num_viewers, c.category_name, c.category_id
             FROM streams AS s
             JOIN categories AS c ON s.category_id = c.category_id
             JOIN users AS u ON s.user_id = u.user_id
@@ -60,42 +65,51 @@ def end_user_stream(stream_key, user_id, username):
     Returns:
     bool: True if stream was ended successfully, False otherwise
     """
-    from flask import current_app
     from datetime import datetime
     from dateutil import parser
     from celery_tasks.streaming import combine_ts_stream
     from utils.path_manager import PathManager
 
-    path_manager = PathManager()
+    pm = PathManager()
     print(f"Ending stream for user {username} (ID: {user_id})", flush=True)
 
     if not stream_key or not user_id or not username:
         print("Cannot end stream - missing required information", flush=True)
-        return False
+        return False, "Missing required information"
 
     try:
         # Open database connection
         with Database() as db:
             # Get stream info
-            stream_info = db.fetchone("""SELECT *
+            stream_info = db.fetchone(
+                """SELECT *
                    FROM streams
                    WHERE user_id = ?""", (user_id,))
 
             # If user is not streaming, just return
             if not stream_info:
-                print(f"User {username} (ID: {user_id}) is not streaming", flush=True)
+                print(
+                    f"User {username} (ID: {user_id}) "
+                    "is not streaming", flush=True)
                 return True, "User is not streaming"
 
             # Remove stream from database
-            db.execute("""DELETE FROM streams 
+            db.execute(
+                """DELETE FROM streams
                    WHERE user_id = ?""", (user_id,))
 
             # Move stream to vod table
             stream_length = int(
-                (datetime.now() - parser.parse(stream_info.get("start_time"))).total_seconds())
+                (datetime.now() - parser.parse(
+                    stream_info.get("start_time")
+                )).total_seconds())
 
-            db.execute("""INSERT INTO vods (user_id, title, datetime, category_id, length, views)
+            db.execute(
-                        VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""", (user_id,
+                """INSERT INTO vods
+                   (user_id, title, datetime, category_id,
+                    length, views)
+                   VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
+                (user_id,
                  stream_info.get("title"),
                  stream_info.get("start_time"),
                  stream_info.get("category_id"),
@@ -105,24 +119,29 @@ def end_user_stream(stream_key, user_id, username):
             vod_id = db.get_last_insert_id()
 
             # Set user as not streaming
-            db.execute("""UPDATE users 
+            db.execute(
+                """UPDATE users
                    SET is_live = 0
                    WHERE user_id = ?""", (user_id,))
 
         # Queue task to combine TS files into MP4
         combine_ts_stream.delay(
-            path_manager.get_stream_path(username), 
+            pm.get_stream_path(username),
-            path_manager.get_vods_path(username), 
+            pm.get_vods_path(username),
             vod_id,
-            path_manager.get_vod_thumbnail_file_path(username, vod_id)
+            pm.get_vod_thumbnail_file_path(username, vod_id)
         )
 
-        print(f"Stream ended for user {username} (ID: {user_id})", flush=True)
+        print(
+            f"Stream ended for user {username} (ID: {user_id})",
+            flush=True)
         return True, "Stream ended successfully"
 
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as exc:
-        print(f"Error ending stream for user {username}: {str(e)}", flush=True)
+        print(
-        return False, f"Error ending stream: {str(e)}"
+            f"Error ending stream for user {username}: {str(exc)}",
+            flush=True)
+        return False, f"Error ending stream: {str(exc)}"
 
 def get_category_id(category_name: str) -> Optional[int]:
     """
@@ -153,7 +172,13 @@ def get_vod(vod_id: int) -> dict:
     Returns data of a streamers vod
     """
     with Database() as db:
-        vod = db.fetchone("""SELECT vods.*, username, category_name FROM vods JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id JOIN categories ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id WHERE vod_id = ?;""", (vod_id,))
+        vod = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT vods.*, username, category_name
+               FROM vods
+               JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id
+               JOIN categories
+                   ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id
+               WHERE vod_id = ?;""", (vod_id,))
     return vod
 
 def get_latest_vod(user_id: int):
@@ -161,7 +186,14 @@ def get_latest_vod(user_id: int):
     Returns data of the most recent stream by a streamer
     """
     with Database() as db:
-        latest_vod = db.fetchone("""SELECT vods.*, username, category_name FROM vods JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id JOIN categories ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id WHERE vods.user_id = ? ORDER BY vod_id DESC;""", (user_id,))
+        latest_vod = db.fetchone(
+            """SELECT vods.*, username, category_name
+               FROM vods
+               JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id
+               JOIN categories
+                   ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id
+               WHERE vods.user_id = ?
+               ORDER BY vod_id DESC;""", (user_id,))
     return latest_vod
 
 def get_user_vods(user_id: int):
@@ -169,10 +201,17 @@ def get_user_vods(user_id: int):
     Returns data of all vods by a streamer
     """
     with Database() as db:
-        vods = db.fetchall("""SELECT vods.*, username, category_name FROM vods JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id JOIN categories ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id WHERE vods.user_id = ? ORDER BY vod_id DESC;""", (user_id,))
+        vods = db.fetchall(
+            """SELECT vods.*, username, category_name
+               FROM vods
+               JOIN users ON vods.user_id = users.user_id
+               JOIN categories
+                   ON vods.category_id = categories.category_id
+               WHERE vods.user_id = ?
+               ORDER BY vod_id DESC;""", (user_id,))
     return vods
 
-def generate_thumbnail(stream_file: str, thumbnail_file: str, second_capture) -> None:
+def generate_thumbnail(stream_file: str, thumbnail_file: str, second_capture=0) -> None:
     """
     Generates the thumbnail of a stream
     """
@@ -192,10 +231,16 @@ def generate_thumbnail(stream_file: str, thumbnail_file: str, second_capture) ->
     ]
 
     try:
-        subprocess.run(thumbnail_command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, check=True)
+        subprocess.run(
+            thumbnail_command,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            check=True)
         print(f"Thumbnail generated for {stream_file}")
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        print(f"No information available for {stream_file}, aborting thumbnail generation")
+        print(
+            f"No information available for {stream_file}, "
+            "aborting thumbnail generation")
 
 def remove_hls_files(stream_path: str) -> None:
     """
@@ -221,11 +266,13 @@ def get_video_duration(video_path: str) -> int:
     ]
 
     try:
-        video_length = subprocess.check_output(video_length_command).decode("utf-8")
+        video_length = subprocess.check_output(
+            video_length_command
+        ).decode("utf-8")
         print(f"Video length: {video_length}")
         return int(float(video_length))
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        print(f"Error getting video length: {e}")
+        print("Error getting video length")
         return 0
 
 def get_stream_tags(user_id: int) -> Optional[List[str]]:

web_server/utils/user_utils.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-from database.database import Database
+"""User profile management, following, and subscription utilities."""
+
 from typing import Optional, List
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from database.database import Database
 from dateutil import parser
 
+
 def get_user_id(username: str) -> Optional[int]:
     """
     Returns user_id associated with given username
@@ -40,7 +44,8 @@ def update_bio(user_id: int, bio: str):
 
 def has_password(email: str):
     """
-    Returns if account associated with this email has password, i.e is account from Google OAuth
+    Returns if account associated with this email has password,
+    i.e is account from Google OAuth
     """
     with Database() as db:
         data = db.fetchone("""
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ def has_password(email: str):
                 FROM users
                 WHERE email = ?
         """, (email,))
-    return False if data["password"] == None else True
+    return data["password"] is not None
 
 def get_session_info_email(email: str) -> dict:
     """
@@ -227,6 +232,7 @@ def subscription_expiration(user_id: int, subscribed_id: int) -> int:
     return 0
 
 def get_email(user_id: int) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Returns the email address for a given user_id."""
     with Database() as db:
         email = db.fetchone("""
             SELECT email

web_server/utils/utils.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from database.database import Database
+"""Input sanitization and validation utilities."""
+
 from typing import Optional, List
 from re import match
 
+from database.database import Database
+
+
 def get_all_categories() -> Optional[List[dict]]:
     """
     Returns all possible streaming categories
@@ -84,10 +88,10 @@ def sanitize(user_input: str, input_type="default") -> str:
     }
 
     # Get the validation rules for the specified type
-    r = rules.get(input_type)
+    rule = rules.get(input_type)
-    if not r or \
+    if (not rule
-    not (r["min_length"] <= len(sanitised_input) <= r["max_length"]) or \
+            or not (rule["min_length"] <= len(sanitised_input) <= rule["max_length"])
-    not match(r["pattern"], sanitised_input):
+            or not match(rule["pattern"], sanitised_input)):
         raise ValueError("Unaccepted character or length in input")
 
     return sanitised_input